eip-2929

Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin posted on the X platform, stating that in recent years, Ethereum has effectively enhanced protocol security and long-term adaptability by continuously introducing multiple "hard fixed rules." He recalled: In 2021: EIP-2929 and EIP-3529, which raised storage read costs and reduced Gas refunds; In 2024: Along with the Shanghai upgrade, weakened contract destruction instructions; In 2025: Set a Gas limit of 16,777,216 for a single transaction.Vitalik pointed out that these changes set clear upper limits on the maximum throughput for a single block and a single transaction, helping to avoid various types of denial-of-service attacks, simplifying client implementation, and providing more room for improving system efficiency. He also mentioned that more hard limits are expected to be introduced in the future, including: limiting the total byte size of accessible code (short-term increase in the cost of calling large contracts, mid-term adoption of binary tree structures and billing by data block); setting a maximum computation cycle for zero-knowledge EVM validators and synchronously adjusting costs; adjusting memory billing methods to set clearer upper limits on maximum memory consumption for the EVM.