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pos

Proof of Stake (PoS) is a blockchain consensus mechanism that determines the accounting rights and reward distribution of nodes based on the amount and duration of token holdings. Compared to Proof of Work (PoW), PoS reduces energy consumption and enhances the scalability and security of the network. Token holders participate in network governance and transaction verification by staking tokens, earning block rewards and transaction fees. The PoS mechanism is widely used in blockchain projects such as Ethereum 2.0 and Cardano, promoting the development of green blockchain.
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Chainalysis plans to launch an on-chain tracking standard system, proposing an "address clustering ontology" to unify blockchain forensic methods

According to CoinDesk, blockchain analysis company Chainalysis has released a new methodological proposal aimed at establishing a unified on-chain fund tracking standard framework for law enforcement agencies and investigators, to identify address clusters and determine their possible control relationships.The proposal defines the on-chain analysis structure in the form of "ontology," focusing on systematically breaking down the currently unstandardized concept of "cluster" in the industry into wallet segments and functional roles, and describing on-chain relationships through a two-layer structure: the first layer defines the transaction graph structure, and the second layer assesses inference confidence.Chainalysis stated that the framework aims to enhance the interpretability and legal applicability of on-chain forensic methods, and is designed and validated based on its practical experience in relevant cases within the U.S. Department of Justice, including the analytical application in the mixing service Bitcoin Fog case.The company's Chief Scientist Jacob Illum pointed out that the goal of the proposal is to answer "on what evidence basis can these addresses be considered to belong to the same entity," while emphasizing that on-chain analysis itself cannot directly identify the ultimate user identity and still requires legal investigative methods combined with centralized entities such as exchanges.Chainalysis indicated that the standard proposal is currently open for discussion within the industry, hoping to promote the formation of more unified technical specifications for on-chain analysis methods in the fields of law enforcement and compliance.

Vitalik's post details the entire technical tree behind the mainline of the confusion protocol (iO)

Vitalik Buterin published an article titled "Obfuscation: building the final boss of cryptography (Part I)", systematically outlining the entire technical tree behind the mainline of the obfuscation protocol (iO). The article points out that obfuscation technology can transform programs into "encrypted programs", allowing computations on plaintext inputs while hiding internal logic. Theoretically, it can achieve "trustless trusted third parties", and when combined with blockchain, it can build nearly trustless voting systems, auction protocols, and various other applications. However, the current iO scheme, while technically polynomial time, incurs enormous practical overhead, with expected runtimes exceeding the lifespan of the universe.The article details the construction process of lattice-based iO, covering the stacking of primitives such as fully homomorphic encryption (FHE), attribute-based encryption (ABE), obfuscated circuits, function encryption, and XiO. Vitalik stated that the field has moved from "impossible" to "provably secure" over the past decade, but there remains a significant gap to practical application. He proposed three future paths: further optimizing the existing lattice-based route, adopting bolder cryptographic assumptions to simplify constructions, or exploring entirely new assumptions that are completely different from lattices, emphasizing that if any direction succeeds, it will largely "solve cryptography", enabling any protocol describable by an ideal trusted third party to be securely implemented.
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