Aptos Official Interpretation of the White Paper: Design Philosophy and Technological Innovations Built on the Move Language

Original source: Aptos

Original compilation: 0x711&wzp, BlockBeats

Aptos officially released the v1.0 white paper titled "Secure, Scalable, and Upgradable Web3 Infrastructure" today, which explains the design philosophy of the protocol using the Move language and many technical innovations. In addition, the official social media provided a systematic introduction to the innovations of the Aptos network, summarized and translated as follows:

Vision

Aptos aims to drive the development of blockchain security, high performance, and upgradability. The design of the Aptos network is human-centered, focusing on global accessibility and usability.

The Move language is inspired by Rust and is specifically designed for smart contract development. Move combines simplicity with security, changing the rules for building in Web3.

The Aptos blockchain achieves fast and secure transaction activities through native integration and use of the Move language. The Move prover is a formal verifier for smart contracts written in Move, providing additional assurance for contract constants and execution.

Through over three years of testing and reinforcement, top-tier Move code deployment allows developers to easily build applications that can serve users at any time. Features such as tables and fine-grained storage effectively support large datasets (e.g., millions of NFTs).

Security

Web3 networks must be secure, accessible, and suitable for existing use cases to achieve widespread adoption. The construction of Aptos employs scientific security measures to help prevent fraud in the industry, ensuring that security meets user needs.

The Aptos blockchain has a unique flexible key management feature, with key-related operations being completely transparent. It simplifies the management of a large number of keys without complex infrastructure.

Transaction pre-execution shows the results of signed transactions before the user signs. Other features include transaction replay protection, move-based key management, and re-signing transaction transparency, all of which enable a more secure user experience.

Sometimes, users may inadvertently sign transactions. To reduce this risk, Aptos limits the feasibility of each transaction and protects signers from the effects of infinite validity. There are three layers of protection: the sender's seq#, transaction deadline, and chain id.

Performance

Aptos can achieve near-ideal throughput and hardware efficiency through parallel, batch-optimized, and modular transaction processing channels.

To achieve high throughput and low latency, Aptos employs channel and modular approaches at critical stages of transaction processing. This fully utilizes all available external resources, improves hardware efficiency, and achieves high levels of parallelism.

The lifecycle of transaction processing is shown in the diagram below: all stages are completely independent and can be parallelized individually.

Block-STM

This is a new smart contract parallel execution engine built on Software Transactional Memory (STM) and optimistic concurrency control.

Unlike parallel execution engines that pre-identify data to read/write and compromise transaction atomicity, Block-STM allows developers to code without restrictions, achieving higher throughput and lower latency for real use cases.

State Synchronization

Aptos aims to provide a high-throughput, low-latency network for the personalized needs of all participants. Through a flexible and configurable state synchronization method, Aptos adapts to changing user demands and offers new efficient synchronization strategies.

Full nodes can handle all transactions since the genesis block. Users can also choose to completely skip blockchain history and use waypoints to synchronize only the latest blockchain state. Additionally, Aptos supports low-resource full nodes that can replay state changes without executing transactions.

Light clients can synchronize partial blockchain states, such as specific accounts or data values, and are eligible to read verified states, such as obtaining verified account balances using BFT timestamps.

Upgradability

Aptos is designed to be flexible, continuously supporting new use cases while always maintaining technological advancement. Upgradability and configurability are primary design principles of Aptos to ensure that the Aptos infrastructure can adapt to future new use cases and technologies.

The Aptos blockchain encodes its configuration on-chain. Each validator can synchronize with the current state of the blockchain and automatically select the correct configuration (e.g., consensus protocol and Aptos framework version) based on the current on-chain values.

Frequent updates as a core feature can be seamlessly conducted without disrupting users. The infrastructure steps into the background, allowing developers to focus on building while users enjoy a smooth experience.

Efforts to further extend include: its modular design and parallel execution engine support internal sharding of validators, while homogeneous state sharding provides node operators with the potential for horizontal throughput scalability without additional complexity.

With these innovations and community support, Aptos provides developers with a world-class Move development experience, as well as a secure, fast, and high-performance blockchain infrastructure that supports the next generation of Web3 applications.

Click here to read the full white paper, let’s build together.