finality

Vitalik Buterin posted on the X platform, stating that in the discussion of Ethereum's consensus mechanism, there is a proposal to replace the current finality component Casper FFG with a new one called Minimmit. He believes that Casper FFG employs a two-round finality mechanism (validators need to sign twice to complete "proof" and "final confirmation"), while Minimmit requires only a single round of signatures to achieve finality.As a trade-off, the fault tolerance threshold of Minimmit will be reduced from 33% in Casper FFG to about 17%. Although the fault tolerance ratio decreases, Minimmit can more likely allow the network to enter a state of "multi-chain competition rather than erroneous final confirmation" in various attack or client vulnerability scenarios, which is easier to recover through community coordination. He believes that compared to erroneous blocks being finalized, the absence of finality for a short period is safer and more recoverable, thus suggesting that Minimmit may be superior in overall security trade-offs.

Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin posted on the X platform that occasionally losing finality is not a big deal; finality is meant to ensure that blocks are not rolled back. If finality is occasionally delayed by a few hours due to a significant client error, as long as erroneous blocks are not finalized, this situation is acceptable, and the chain will continue to operate during this period.Computer Science PhD Fabrizio Romano Genovese agrees with Vitalik Buterin's viewpoint, noting that when finality is lost, Ethereum becomes more like Bitcoin. He explained that Ethereum's finality mechanism is that when a block receives over 66% of validator votes, it is "justified," and if it then goes through two Epochs (64 blocks), that block is "finalized."A spokesperson for Polygon stated that the lack of finality would affect the infrastructure that relies on it, such as certain cross-chain or Layer 2 bridges, but Polygon will continue to operate normally; however, transfers from Ethereum to sidechains may be delayed while waiting for finality to be restored. AggLayer will also delay transactions from Ethereum to L2 until finality is reached again.

Cointelegraph monitored that shortly after the Fusaka network upgrade, the participation of validators in the Ethereum network sharply declined due to a bug in the Prysm consensus client, resulting in a large number of voting nodes going offline.Prysm officially announced on Thursday that its v7.0 version client unnecessarily generated old states when processing outdated attestations, causing nodes to malfunction. Developers recommended that users temporarily start the client with the "--disable-last-epoch-targets" flag as a workaround.Data from Beaconcha.in shows that in Epoch 411,448, the network's sync participation and voting participation dropped to 75% and 74.7%, respectively. The voting participation decreased by 25%, falling just under 9 percentage points short of the two-thirds majority (66.6%) required for the network to maintain finality.The extent of the decline in voting participation roughly corresponds with the share of validators using the Prysm consensus client, indicating that the failures in attestations are likely concentrated among Prysm validators. Previously, Prysm's share had reached as high as 68.1%. As of the time of writing, the current voting participation in the Ethereum network's Epoch (411,712) is nearly 99%, with sync participation at 97%, indicating that the network has recovered.Current data from MigaLabs shows that Lighthouse still accounts for 52.55% of consensus nodes, with Prysm in second place at 18%. Ethereum educator Anthony Sassano stated that if Lighthouse encountered this bug, the network would lose finality.

ChainCatcher news, the Polygon Foundation announced that the Polygon PoS has successfully completed a hard fork, with the Bor and Heimdall components upgraded to v2.2.11-beta2 and v0.3.1 respectively. Milestone and status synchronization are now functioning normally, and checkpoint processing and consensus finality have been fully restored. The officials stated that they will continue to closely monitor the network to ensure stable operation.It was reported last night that Polygon: there was a temporary delay in transaction finality, and the issue is being resolved.

ChainCatcher message, the Polygon Foundation announced the completion of an update addressing the transaction finality issue. The hard fork has been successfully completed, and milestone and status synchronization are now functioning normally. Checkpoints are being processed, and the consensus finality of Polygon PoS has been fully restored.The Polygon Foundation stated: "There was a temporary delay in finality. Although the blockchain continues to operate, and blocks and checkpoints are being generated, there is currently a delay of 10 to 15 minutes in transaction finality due to the milestone issue. A solution has been found and is being deployed to all validator nodes and service providers."

ChainCatcher news, according to Cointelegraph, Solana's SIMD 326 -- Alpenglow proposal has initiated its community governance process, which introduces a significant consensus upgrade aimed at achieving 150ms block finality. The proposal vote is expected to take place in about 16 days.

ChainCatcher news, Ethereum founder Vitalik Buterin published a long article titled "A simple L2 security and finalization roadmap," which outlines three core directions for optimizing Ethereum L2 security and finality:Expand data capacity: Increase the Blob space to 6 through the Pectra upgrade, and expand it to 72 (or gradually increase to 12-24) in the upcoming Fusaka upgrade at the end of the year, to meet the L2 transaction throughput demands;Implement a hybrid proof system for rapid finality: Use a 2/3 multi-signature mechanism (optimistic proof + ZK proof + TEE trusted hardware proof). If ZK and TEE verify simultaneously, finality is immediate; if only one is verified, it requires a 7-day optimistic challenge period. The security committee can urgently upgrade the proof logic but is subject to a 30-day delay, balancing immediate finality with attack resistance;Build a unified ZK proof aggregation layer: Standardize the proof aggregation protocol across the ecosystem, allowing multiple applications to share the cost of a single proof (e.g., 500,000 Gas), significantly reducing ZK verification overhead and promoting the adoption of L2, privacy protocols, and other scenarios. The goal of this roadmap is to achieve L2 cross-chain bridging finality within 1 hour and reduce costs through short-term hybrid verification mechanisms, while gradually eliminating TEE reliance with a long-term goal of full ZK implementation, ultimately establishing an efficient, secure, and trustless L2 ecosystem.

ChainCatcher news, the Solana restaking protocol Fragmetric announced via tweet that it has completed a $7 million seed round financing, led by Finality Capital Partners and Hashed, with participation from institutions such as Hypersphere, Presto, Bitscale Capital, Halo Capital, Flowdesk, and support from multiple angel investors in the Solana and Restaking ecosystems.According to Web3 asset data platform RootData, Fragmetric is Solana's native liquid restaking protocol, with a vision to enhance the security and economic potential of the Solana ecosystem. By leveraging Solana's token expansion, Fragmetric effectively achieves NCN reward distribution. Additionally, Fragmetric has designed a practical solution, a standardized token program, to utilize various LSTs within the restaking platform. Fragmetric's mission is to build a secure, transparent, and efficient restaking infrastructure that empowers users and supports the stability of the Solana restaking ecosystem.

ChainCatcher news, the first Bitcoin Layer 2 solution built on the BitVM paradigm, Bitlayer, officially announces the launch of the first minimal trust BTC bridge powered by BitVM technology, the Finality Bridge.The Finality Bridge is built on BitVM technology, featuring high security, support for native yield, and programmability. It allows users to securely mint BTC into YBTC (Yield BTC) tokens in a minimal trust manner, participating in liquidity mining, staking, or lending in DeFi scenarios within the Bitlayer and other blockchain ecosystems, all while obtaining diversified integrated yields without worrying about complex conversion processes and high transaction costs. Currently, the Bitlayer Finality Bridge is live on the testnet, allowing users to test and experience it. The technical team will launch more new features after collecting feedback from the testing phase.

ChainCatcher News: The modular L2 Manta Network has undergone a significant upgrade in performance and security. Manta Network officially announces a partnership with Symbiotic to achieve Fast Finality through Symbiotic, breaking the original 3-7 day challenge period limitation for Optimistic Rollup withdrawals, enabling instant withdrawals and enhancing the experience of Manta CeDeFi, cross-chain, and other products.This feature will be secured through the re-staking of the native token $MANTA. It supports users to cross-chain their MANTA tokens to the Ethereum mainnet to participate in Symbiotic staking, earning points and potential airdrops. Currently, Symbiotic is the second-largest shared security protocol, following Eigenlayer.

ChainCatcher news, AI public chain ChainOpera AI has completed a $17 million seed round financing, led by Finality Capital, Road Capital, and IDG Capital, with participation from Camford VC, ABCDE Capital, Amber Group, Modular Capital, Sparkle Ventures, AimTop Venture, Wisemont Capital, LDV Partners, Acequia Capital, PrimeSet, Plug and Play, as well as angel investors David Tse (co-founder of BabylonChain), Sreeram Kannan (founder and CEO of EigenLayer), and Jeff Ren (early investor in AI and Web3).ChainOpera plans to launch its flagship platform and mobile application with AI agents in the coming weeks.ChainOpera AI is a groundbreaking L1 blockchain and AI operating system that enables the co-creation and co-ownership of decentralized AI agents and applications. ChainOpera AI currently has over 40 team members distributed across San Francisco, Los Angeles, New York, Singapore, Hong Kong, Seoul, Tokyo, Dubai, London, Greece, and Germany.

ChainCatcher news, the FHE blockchain network octra has completed a $4 million Pre-Seed round of financing, led by Finality Capital, with participation from Big Brain Holdings, Karatage, Presto, Builder Capital, and others.octra is releasing a public WASM sandbox to demonstrate the efficiency of hypergraphs in FHE, and octra is in the final stages of development, with the mainnet expected to launch next year.It is reported that Octra is an FHE blockchain network that supports isolated execution environments, with most of its codebase developed in languages such as OCaml, AST, ReasonML, and C++.

ChainCatcher news, according to The Block, the Layer 2 protocol RISE Chain has completed a $3.2 million seed round financing, led by Finality Capital, with participation from Orange DAO, DACM, ether.fi Ventures, P2 Ventures, MH Ventures, Public Works, Vitalik Buterin, Stani Kulechov, Anthony Sassano (also known as sassal.eth), DCF God, and others.It is reported that RISE Chain aims to unlock a new generation of Gigagas applications. The RISE tech stack offers a throughput of over 1 billion gas per second, achieving this breakthrough through stepwise technological improvements, addressing execution and state access issues, including pevm------the fastest public EVM execution engine, continuous execution, versioned Merkle trees, and RiseDB.

ChainCatcher news, the centralized network digital identity security development organization Holonym Foundation announced the completion of a $5.5 million seed round financing. This round of financing was led by Finality Capital and Paper Ventures, with participation from Draper Dragon, Arrington Capital, Lightshift, and others.Holonym Foundation focuses on applying cryptographic innovations and has developed three core protocols: Mishti Network, Zeronym, and Silk.Holonym co-founder Shady El Damaty stated that they are building human-centered technology principles, aiming to create a global open-source layer that enhances the digital identity capabilities of every citizen through cryptography.

ChainCatcher news, the decentralized proof network NovaNet announced the completion of a $3 million financing round, led by Finality Capital, with participation from several institutions including Arrington Capital and the Avalanche Foundation, dedicated to building the world's first zero-knowledge proof incentive layer suitable for various scenarios.NovaNet offers locally verifiable computing and privacy-preserving applications, supporting a wide range of applications from AI, decentralized IoT (DePIN) to gaming.

ChainCatcher news, Eigenlayer ecosystem Web3 infrastructure service provider K3 Labs announced the completion of its Pre-Seed round financing, with participation from institutions such as Finality Capital Partners, Blockchain Founders Fund, and Aztlan Capital, although the specific amount has not been disclosed.According to the Web3 asset data platform RootData, K3 Labs is introducing Kubernetes and template-driven web service deployment combinations into Web3, enabling developers to easily design and deploy business workflows and applications that utilize decentralized computing, storage, and execution capabilities. The K3 stateless Rollup framework allows developers to deploy custom computing services and operate networks of operators to run arbitrary tasks in a trustless execution environment.