tps

The modular blockchain network Celestia announced the launch of the application-specific blockchain architecture Voyager, aimed at large-scale payment scenarios in agent commerce. The official statement claims that Voyager processed approximately 21 million transactions per second continuously between 100 million accounts during its first complete benchmark test, which lasted for 5 hours.Celestia stated that Voyager splits payment processing into independently scalable threads, avoiding blocking the execution thread responsible for updating balances. Transactions are first verified for signatures and packaged at the entry layer, then enter a circular buffer inspired by the exchange system Disruptor; execution logic is built-in, and state is stored in a flat table rather than a Merkle tree. Each transaction is published to Celestia's data availability protocol Fibre, for external replay and verification of whether payments were executed correctly.The benchmark test covered approximately 40 billion random transfers, with an average throughput of 21.2 million TPS and a peak of 21.6 million TPS. Execution ran on a single CPU core, with node memory around 48 GB. This test was conducted on a single node and did not include state root computation, cross-machine replication, or real-time state queries at the same scale. Celestia claims it is advancing Voyager into production and will release more in-depth technical documentation in the coming weeks. Fibre was launched on the mainnet last week, and Voyager is the first execution layer product launched after its acquisition of Sovereign Labs.

Layer 1 blockchain Sui announced that its programmable off-chain channels processed over 40 million transactions per second during a real-time stress test aimed at high-frequency activities for AI agents, breaking the record set in July of this year. The test was conducted on Wednesday at the Sui Basecamp in Singapore, peaking at 40,614,180 TPS, surpassing the approximately 6.1 million TPS level of similar tests in July.During the test, transactions were processed through Sui's off-chain channels, which settle to the Sui mainnet when closed. Sui stated that over 10,000 channels were opened on the mainnet during the test, covering scenarios such as payments, gaming, and chat applications. These channels are designed to handle high-frequency activities, including interactions between AI agents, without requiring each transaction to be processed directly on-chain.Adeniyi Abiodun, co-founder and Chief Product Officer of Sui's original contributor Mysten Labs, stated that Sui is built for the moment when millions of AI agents transact daily, noting that no market in the world needs 6 million transactions per second, let alone 40 million; humans cannot move that fast, but agents can. Security company CertiK served as an independent auditor during the demonstration, reviewing the test data, with a report expected to be released in the coming days.

Bitwise CEO posted on the X platform, stating that approximately $100 million in funds flowed into Bitwise's ETPs in the United States. Among them, Solana accounted for about $40 million, Bitcoin about $22 million, Hyperliquid about $20 million, XRP about $12 million, and Ethereum about $1.4 million, ranking in the top five for fund inflows.Investors are increasing their exposure to crypto assets.

According to Bitfinex citing Bitwise data, since the launch of the U.S. spot Bitcoin ETP in January 2024, publicly listed companies and U.S. spot ETPs have purchased 1.55 million BTC, while the new Bitcoin supply during the same period was approximately 455,000 coins, making the purchase amount 3.6 times the new supply, and this gap continues to widen.

Sei announced the launch of the Eidos upgrade, which involves a comprehensive reconstruction of the on-chain storage layer. Eidos is one of the three parts of the Sei Giga upgrade trilogy, following the consensus layer Autobahn and the execution layer Ares, which have been progressively advanced. Eidos is responsible for addressing the most critical storage bottleneck in blockchain scalability.Core changes include: replacing the traditional Merkle tree with FlatKV and LtHash, allowing state updates to shift from chain-based hash recalculation to constant time operations; migrating EVM state to an independent database, with historical data moved to off-chain archives, and nodes retaining only the content necessary for real-time operations.Sei's long-term goal for the Giga upgrade is 200,000 TPS, and Eidos is a key underlying support for achieving this goal. This upgrade represents an update to the technical roadmap, and the specific implementation effects will need to be validated in the future. Node operators can configure migration according to Sei's official documentation.

According to Cointelegraph, Sei has released the Giga white paper version 2, which aims to bring finality under 250 milliseconds, pre-execution privacy protection, protocol-level MEV resistance, and a processing capacity of over 200,000 transactions per second.

Sei releases the next-generation protocol upgrade "Giga" roadmap, planning to significantly enhance transaction performance by restructuring the execution client, state management, and consensus mechanism. Core upgrades include: Ares execution client (optimizing performance through pipelined execution and asynchronous processing); Eidos state management (replacing the Merkle tree with a flat key-value store, separating hot data from cold archives); Autobahn consensus mechanism (targeting 200,000 TPS and 400 milliseconds finality, with the internal test network already achieving 5 Gigagas processing capability); Sedna private memory pool (introducing a cryptographic transaction propagation mechanism); and gradually phasing out Cosmos SDK and CosmWasm through SIP-3, transitioning to a pure EVM architecture.

On May 14, BNB Chain released the "BSC Post-Quantum Cryptography Migration Report," stating that it has completed the migration testing for quantum-resistant cryptography for transaction signatures and the consensus layer, using the NIST standardized post-quantum signature algorithm ML-DSA-44 (Dilithium) and the pqSTARK aggregation scheme.The report shows that BSC has replaced transaction signatures from ECDSA to ML-DSA-44 and switched consensus voting aggregation from BLS12-381 to pqSTARK to address the potential threats posed by future quantum computing to the existing elliptic curve cryptography system. However, post-quantum signatures also significantly increase the on-chain data volume: the size of a single transaction has increased from about 110 bytes to approximately 2.5KB; the block size in a 2000 TPS scenario has increased from about 130KB to around 2MB; and the TPS in the testing environment has decreased by about 40%-50%.BSC stated that the current network bottleneck mainly comes from the larger transaction data propagation, rather than the consensus protocol itself. Meanwhile, the consensus layer aggregation still maintains high efficiency, with pqSTARK achieving a signature compression ratio of about 43:1, and the additional burden on validators remains within a controllable range. The report concludes that existing technology can achieve "quantum-resistant" deployment for blockchain, but future issues related to network bandwidth and data scalability still need to be addressed.

According to The Block, CoinShares released a report showing that last week, global crypto asset ETPs recorded a net inflow of $117.8 million, achieving a fifth consecutive week of net inflows, with a cumulative inflow of over $4 billion in five weeks and a total management scale of approximately $155 billion. However, the funding structure has shown significant differentiation.The report pointed out that from Monday to Thursday, there was a total net outflow of $619 million, but on Friday, a large inflow of $737 million was recorded in a single day, reversing the week to a net inflow, reflecting a significant rebound in market risk appetite before the weekend. From a regional perspective, net inflows in the U.S. market dropped to $47.5 million, a significant slowdown compared to the previous week's $1.1 billion; Germany and Canada recorded inflows of $43.8 million and $16 million, respectively, with European funds performing relatively steadily.In terms of assets, Bitcoin-related products led the way with a weekly inflow of $192.1 million, of which the U.S. spot ETF contributed approximately $162.8 million; Ethereum products, on the other hand, saw a net outflow of $81.6 million. Analysts believe that the number of participating assets has decreased from 9 to 4, indicating that market sentiment weakened significantly in the middle of the week before showing signs of recovery.

According to PR Newswire, Valour, a subsidiary of DeFi Technologies, has secured approximately $11 million in institutional investment to purchase its Hedera (HBAR) related ETP products, with about $10 million corresponding to products listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and about $1 million corresponding to Valour Hedera SEK listed on the Swedish Spotlight Exchange.DeFi Technologies stated that these two transactions were facilitated by its Abu Dhabi seminar, reflecting the growing institutional demand for gaining exposure to Hedera through regulated exchange-traded products and supporting its asset management growth in the German market.

Psy Protocol announced that it has achieved 521,000 transactions per second (TPS) on a real-world proof-of-work network, setting a new record for decentralized system throughput. The testing was supported by Google Cloud, and all transactions are verifiable on-chain, with complete data and cryptographic proofs open-sourced for independent auditing.The team stated that this result was achieved without sacrificing decentralization, security, or privacy, and has established a $100,000 bounty for anyone who can prove the results invalid. Carter Feldman, founder of Psy Protocol, said, "This is not a development network demonstration or theoretical calculation; every result is verifiable."This test demonstrates the infrastructure capabilities for a future AI agent economy, making high-frequency micropayments, continuous clearing markets, and large-scale AI collaboration feasible. Psy Protocol breaks through traditional blockchain throughput bottlenecks through parallel state architecture, client-generated proofs, recursive zero-knowledge proofs, and horizontal scaling design.Complete verification data and methods have been open-sourced, and users can access here for verification.

According to Decrypt, Denmark's largest bank, Danske Bank, is offering Bitcoin and Ethereum ETPs to investors, ending an eight-year ban on cryptocurrencies. Danske Bank's stance has shifted, stating it is in response to the growing demand from customers.Previously, the bank had explicitly stated that it would not provide any type of cryptocurrency services. While it acknowledges that the cryptocurrency market has matured in recent years, it still emphasizes that it does not recommend cryptocurrencies as an asset class.

According to Rankiapro, cryptocurrency asset management company Bitwise announced the launch of five cryptocurrency exchange-traded products (ETPs) on the Italian Stock Exchange (Borsa Italiana), namely: Bitwise Core Bitcoin ETP, Bitwise Physical Bitcoin ETP, Bitwise Physical Ethereum ETP, Bitwise Diaman Bitcoin & Gold ETP, and Bitwise MSCI Digital Assets Select 20 ETP.

Germany's major retail bank ING Deutschland has opened up investment channels for cryptocurrency-related exchange-traded notes (ETN/ETP) to retail customers, allowing investments in crypto assets such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana through its Direct Depot platform.ING stated that the aforementioned products are physically-backed instruments issued by institutions such as 21Shares, Bitwise, and VanEck, traded on regulated exchanges, allowing customers to gain exposure to crypto assets without having to manage wallets or private keys themselves. ING also cautioned that these products still face factors such as price volatility, issuer risk, liquidity, and regulatory uncertainty. The bank pointed out that in Germany, the tax treatment of these ETNs is similar to that of directly holding crypto assets, with potential capital gains tax exemptions after holding for more than a year.

According to PR Newswire, Nasdaq-listed fintech company DeFi Technologies announced that its subsidiaries Valour Inc. and Valour Digital Securities Limited have received approval from UK regulators to offer Bitcoin and Ethereum exchange-traded products to UK retail investors through the London Stock Exchange: 1 Valour Bitcoin Physical Staking and 1 Valour Ethereum Physical Staking.It is reported that the company had previously launched an asset-backed Ethereum physical staking ETP for UK professional investors.

The cryptocurrency asset management company Bitwise announced on January 14, 2026, the listing of seven cryptocurrency ETPs (Exchange-Traded Products) on Nasdaq Stockholm, marking its official entry into the Nordic market.These products, priced in Swedish Krona (SEK), include Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, and a diversified cryptocurrency portfolio, aimed at providing Swedish investors with the opportunity to invest in cryptocurrencies through ISK accounts.

According to official news, BNB Chain achieved zero downtime and a historical peak of 31 million daily transactions in 2025, with a stablecoin market cap reaching 14 billion USD. The 2026 technical roadmap will focus on performance upgrades, aiming to achieve over 20,000 TPS and sub-second finality.Specific plans include: continuing to implement a dual-client strategy based on Geth and Reth; achieving conflict-free parallel execution through EIP-7928; launching a transaction framework that supports compliant privacy and an AI Agent payment abstraction layer. In addition, BNB Chain is planning the next generation of transaction chains, aiming to achieve approximately 1 million TPS and 150 milliseconds of near-instant finality between 2026 and 2028.

According to CoinTelegraph, last week, cryptocurrency exchange-traded products (ETPs) recorded a net outflow of $446 million, continuing the cautious trend that has persisted since the significant market adjustment in October.Asset management firm CoinShares stated that the latest round of withdrawals brought the total outflows since October 10 to $3.2 billion, indicating that investor confidence has not yet recovered as the year comes to a close. This week's outflows stand in stark contrast to the $46.3 billion inflow year-to-date (YTD), which is roughly equivalent to the levels expected in 2024.CoinShares' Head of Research James Butterfill noted that year-to-date, total assets under management (AUM) have only increased by 10%, suggesting that "considering the flow of funds, ordinary investors have not achieved positive returns this year."

According to PRNewswire, Valour, a subsidiary of the Nasdaq-listed company DeFi Technologies, announced the launch of constant leverage Bitcoin and Ethereum exchange-traded products Bull Bitcoin X2 Valour and Bull Ethereum X2 Valour on the Swedish securities market Spotlight Stock Market, providing investors with a two-times leveraged investment opportunity in Bitcoin and Ethereum.