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vitalik

Vitalik proposed the latest vision for the integration of Ethereum and AI, along with four short-term building directions

Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin elaborated on his latest views regarding the integration of Ethereum and artificial intelligence. He pointed out that the ideal future of artificial intelligence should achieve two core goals: first, to enhance human freedom and empowerment, avoiding the replacement of humans by AI or entrapment in insurmountable power structures; second, to ensure system security, mitigating existential risks posed by superintelligence and chaotic scenarios resulting from imbalances in offense and defense.Around this vision, he proposed four key short-term building directions and emphasized that Ethereum will play an important role in them:Build technological tools that support trustless and private interactions, including local large language models, zero-knowledge proof-based API payments, cryptography-driven privacy enhancement solutions, and client-side verification mechanisms for various proofs and certifications.Establish Ethereum as the economic coordination layer for AI-related interactions, supporting scenarios such as API calls, employment and collaboration between autonomous robots, margin mechanisms, and potential future on-chain dispute resolution systems and AI reputation frameworks.Promote the realization of the cypherpunk vision of "self-verification," enabling users to interact directly with Ethereum applications through local models, autonomously generate and verify transactions, complete smart contract audits, and independently assess the trust models of decentralized applications.Leverage artificial intelligence to expand the scale of human judgment and collaboration, activating complex mechanisms such as prediction markets, decentralized governance, and quadratic voting, to build a more efficient and inclusive market and governance ecosystem.Vitalik concluded that the aforementioned directions reflect the idea of achieving decentralized collaboration and system resilience through technology, and combined with AI and cryptographic techniques, they are expected to push social and economic designs, previously limited by human cognitive and coordination capabilities, towards reality.

Vitalik: The new EVM chain should be innovative and genuinely rely on Ethereum, avoiding blind replication

Ethereum founder Vitalik Buterin stated that currently, a large number of newly created EVM chains are simply replicating existing architectures or connecting to Ethereum through optimistic bridges with a one-week delay. This approach is akin to the governance replication seen in Compound; while it is "comfortable," it depletes innovation in the long run, leading the ecosystem into a dead end.If a new chain does not connect to Ethereum's optimistic bridge (i.e., purely a substitute L1), the situation is even worse. What the ecosystem truly needs are projects that can bring new features, such as privacy protection, application-specific efficiency, or ultra-low latency. The form of "Ethereum connection" must match the actual functionality.For example, prediction market applications can issue and settle markets on L1, manage user accounts, but transaction execution occurs in a Rollup or L2-like system, with L1 verifying signatures and market states. A deeply connected L1 architecture should be prioritized, rather than a formal bridge for recognition.Another type of "application chain" can verify algorithm execution on government, social media, or gaming platforms, ensuring updates are authorized and executed according to pre-committed rules through technologies like STARK. Although these chains are not entirely Ethereum, they can provide algorithmic transparency and minimize trust, facilitating economic activities that were previously impossible.New projects should achieve two points: first, truly bring innovation, not just replicate existing EVM chains; second, ensure that the public relations image matches actual functionality. The project's claimed level of connection to Ethereum should genuinely reflect its technical and ecological dependencies, ensuring ecosystem interoperability and long-term value.

Vitalik questions the L2 scaling path, Arbitrum, Optimism, and Base collectively respond towards the direction of de-homogenization

Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin recently stated that the initial idea of using L2 as the main scaling engine for Ethereum is no longer reasonable, and he called for second-layer networks to evolve towards stronger specialization. This statement quickly prompted responses from mainstream L2 teams such as Arbitrum, Optimism, and Base.Vitalik pointed out that many L2s still rely on multi-signature bridges and have not fully inherited Ethereum's security; at the same time, with the increase in gas limits and the advancement of native Rollup solutions, the throughput capacity of the Ethereum mainnet itself is strengthening. Against this backdrop, the positioning of L2 needs to be rethought.Karl Floersch, co-founder of the Optimism Foundation, stated that he supports building a modular L2 that covers the entire decentralized spectrum, but also admitted that there are still real challenges such as long withdrawal periods, immature Stage 2 proof mechanisms, and insufficient cross-chain tools.Steven Goldfeder, co-founder of Offchain Labs, the developer of Arbitrum, emphasized that scaling remains the core value of L2. He believes that even if the Ethereum mainnet's capabilities improve, it will be difficult to replace L2's role in handling thousands of TPS during peak times, and warned that if Ethereum is unfriendly to Rollups, institutions may choose independent Layer 1s instead.Jesse Pollak, head of Base, stated that scaling Ethereum L1 is beneficial for the entire ecosystem, while agreeing that L2 cannot just be a cheaper version of Ethereum. He pointed out that Base is forming its own characteristics through application layer differentiation, account abstraction, and privacy features.Additionally, StarkWare CEO Eli Ben-Sasson hinted on social media that ZK-native L2s (such as Starknet) have, to some extent, aligned with the specialization direction proposed by Vitalik. Overall, L2 builders generally accept the trend of de-homogenization and repositioning, but there are still divergences on whether scaling remains a core mission.

Vitalik questions the L2 scaling path, Arbitrum, Optimism, and Base collectively respond in the direction of de-homogenization

According to Cointelegraph, after Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin commented that "the original vision of Layer 2 as the primary scaling engine is no longer applicable," several L2 builders responded, generally agreeing that Rollup needs to move beyond the positioning of "a cheaper Ethereum," but there are disagreements on whether scaling should still be its core role.Optimism co-founder Karl Floersch welcomed the challenge of building a modular L2 stack that supports "full-spectrum decentralization," while acknowledging that there are still major obstacles such as long withdrawal periods, second-stage proofs not being production-ready, and insufficient cross-chain application tools. He supports the native Rollup precompiled solutions emphasized by Buterin.Steven Goldfeder, co-founder of Arbitrum developer Offchain Labs, took a firmer stance, arguing that although the Rollup model has evolved, scaling remains the core value of L2. He pointed out that Arbitrum was not built as "a service of Ethereum," but because Ethereum provides a highly secure and low-cost settlement layer, making large-scale Rollups possible. He warned that if Ethereum is seen as hostile to Rollups, institutions might choose to launch independent Layer 1 chains instead of deploying on Ethereum.Base head Jesse Pollak stated that scaling Ethereum L1 is "a victory for the entire ecosystem," agreeing that L2 cannot just be "a cheaper Ethereum." He mentioned that Base is differentiating itself through applications, account abstraction, and privacy features, and is working towards decentralization in the second stage.StarkWare CEO Eli Ben-Sasson hinted that some ZK-native L2s (like Starknet) believe they already fit the specialized role described by Buterin. The entire Ethereum ecosystem is facing a roadmap adjustment: the base layer aims to enhance its capabilities, while L2 is repositioning itself as a dedicated environment serving different technical needs.

Vitalik: The original vision for Ethereum L2 is no longer applicable, and a new path needs to be found

Vitalik Buterin posted on the X platform, stating that there has been an increasing discussion about the ongoing role of L2 in the Ethereum ecosystem. Due to the slow progress of L2 entering phase 2, and the expansion of L1 itself, it is expected that the Gas limit will significantly increase by 2026. This means that the original vision of L2 as Ethereum's "branded sharding" is no longer applicable, and new paths are needed.Vitalik Buterin pointed out that L1 no longer needs L2 as branded sharding, and that L2 cannot or is unwilling to meet the attributes required for true branded sharding. He suggested that L2 should identify value points beyond "scalability," such as privacy, efficiency for specific applications, extreme levels of scalability, non-financial application design, ultra-low latency, and built-in oracles. When handling ETH or other Ethereum assets, L2 should at least reach phase 1 and support maximum interoperability with Ethereum. Additionally, Vitalik Buterin stated that he has become more convinced of the value of native Rollup precompiles in recent months, especially after having the ZK-EVM proof needed for scaling L1. This precompile would make EVM verification without a security committee feasible. He believes that research should be conducted on how to design this precompile so that it can verify the EVM portion when L2 includes "EVM and other content." This would make achieving secure, robust, and trustless interoperability with Ethereum easier and enable synchronous composability.
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