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aos

European Central Bank document questions whether DeFi DAOs are sufficiently decentralized

On March 26, the European Central Bank published a working paper studying the governance concentration of four major DeFi protocols: Aave, MakerDAO, Ampleforth, and Uniswap.The paper, based on holding snapshot data from November 2022 and May 2023, found that although governance tokens are distributed across tens of thousands of addresses, the top 100 holders in each protocol control over 80% of the supply, and a large number of governance tokens can be linked to the protocols themselves or centralized and decentralized exchanges, with Binance being the largest identified centralized exchange holder among the four protocols.In terms of voting participation, the paper noted that actual voters are mainly representatives who obtain proxy voting rights from small holders. The top 20 voters in Ampleforth control 96% of the proxy voting rights, the top 10 voters in MakerDAO hold 66%, and the top 18 voters in Uniswap hold 52%. About one-third of the main voters cannot be publicly identified.The paper argues that these findings challenge the assumption of inherent decentralization in DAOs, making it more difficult to determine regulatory anchors under the EU MiCA framework. MiCA currently excludes "fully decentralized" services from its scope. The paper also points out that it is impossible to determine from public data whether the holdings associated with the protocols belong to founders, developers, or treasuries, nor can it be determined whether exchange wallets are voting on behalf of themselves or their clients. The paper represents the authors' views and does not represent the official position of the European Central Bank.

Hainan Local Financial Supervision Bureau: Beware of the chaos of "pseudo exchanges" and reiterate the prohibition of RWA tokenization business within the territory

According to Hainan Daily, the Hainan Provincial Local Financial Supervision Administration has issued a risk warning regarding trading venues. Recently, the Hainan Provincial Local Financial Supervision Administration learned from relevant channels that certain entities are promoting under names such as "Hainan International Data Asset Exchange," "Hainan Data Exchange," and "Hainan Marine Exchange," claiming to legally conduct businesses related to RWA (Real World Assets) and RDA (Real Data Assets).Market entities are conducting business in violation of regulations under the guise of trading venues without approval, which is suspected of illegal financial activities and endangers public property safety. In response, the Hainan Provincial Local Financial Supervision Administration has the following risk warnings:Currently, there is no approved establishment of the "Hainan International Data Asset Exchange" within our province. The establishment of trading venues in our province must be approved by the provincial government (the list of approved trading venues can be found in the appendix). Without approval from the competent authorities, market operators are not allowed to use terms such as "exchange" or "trading center" in their registered names, nor can they engage in activities related to trading venues.The People's Bank of China, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, and eight other departments jointly issued a notice on further preventing and addressing risks related to virtual currencies, clearly stating that the regulation of the tokenization of Real World Assets (RWA) follows the principle of "strictly prohibited domestically, strictly regulated overseas." It emphasizes that conducting tokenization activities of Real World Assets (RWA) within the country, as well as providing related intermediary and information technology services, is suspected of illegal activities such as unauthorized issuance of token vouchers, unauthorized public issuance of securities, illegal operation of securities and futures businesses, and illegal fundraising, which should be prohibited.We urge investors to establish a correct investment perspective.

Chaos Labs: The Aave approximately $27 million liquidation event was caused by a configuration issue with the CAPO risk oracle

According to an analysis report released by Chaos Labs, the recent liquidation event of approximately $27 million in Aave was caused by a configuration issue with the CAPO risk oracle.The root cause lies in the inconsistent update constraints at the smart contract level: the snapshotRatio parameter is limited by an on-chain constraint that allows only a 3% increase every 3 days, preventing it from being updated directly from approximately 1.1572 to the target value of about 1.2282, and it can only increase to about 1.1919; meanwhile, the snapshotTimestamp was successfully updated to a timestamp from 7 days ago. This misalignment between the ratio and the timestamp led to the CAPO calculating an upper exchange rate (approximately 1.1939) that was about 2.85% lower than the actual market exchange rate, triggering the liquidation of approximately 10,938 wstETH. No bad debt was incurred by the protocol during the event.Chaos Labs and BGD Labs have immediately reduced the wstETH borrowing limit for affected instances to 1 and manually aligned the parameters to restore the exchange rate through Risk Steward. A total of 141.5 ETH has been recovered through BuilderNet, which will be used to compensate affected users, while the remaining amount will be covered by the Aave treasury. The amount expected to be temporarily compensated by the DAO is not anticipated to exceed 345 ETH.

Vitalik: We need more and better DAOs, rather than just treasury controlled by token voting

Vitalik Buterin stated that the current practices of DAOs in the crypto industry have deviated from the original vision, and it is necessary to rethink and construct "different and better DAO designs." Vitalik pointed out that Ethereum's initial concept was heavily inspired by decentralized autonomous organizations, but today DAOs are often simplified to "treasuries controlled by token voting." While they may function in form, they are inefficient, easily manipulated, and fail to truly alleviate the issues arising from human political games.Vitalik emphasized that DAOs remain an indispensable infrastructure, with application scenarios including: improving oracle designs, implementing on-chain dispute arbitration, maintaining various critical lists, quickly launching short-term collaborative projects, and supporting long-term project maintenance after the original team exits. He believes that the current problem lies not in the motivations of participants, but in the governance and system designs, such as oracles, which are still inadequate.In terms of governance frameworks, Vitalik introduced an analysis perspective of "concavity and convexity problems," arguing that different types of issues require different governance structures: scenarios leaning towards consensus and robustness should emphasize broad participation and resistance to manipulation; while scenarios requiring decisive decision-making should allow for leadership, balanced by decentralized mechanisms.Vitalik further pointed out that for DAOs to truly function, they must address two major challenges: privacy and decision fatigue, and can leverage privacy technologies such as zero-knowledge proofs (ZK) and multi-party computation, as well as AI and consensus-based communication tools to alleviate governance burdens. He emphasized that AI should not replace human judgment but should serve as a tool to amplify and assist human intentions.Finally, Vitalik stated that future DAO designs need to consider governance mechanisms, privacy technologies, and communication layers as core components rather than auxiliary modules, to ensure that the decentralization and robustness of Ethereum's underlying infrastructure are sustained in its upper-layer applications.
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