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first_img Solana's largest network upgrade Alpenglow is online, with the final confirmation time reduced to about 150 milliseconds

Solana's largest network upgrade since 2020, Alpenglow, officially launched on Wednesday. This upgrade moves validator voting from on-chain to off-chain, packaging votes into certificates that can lock transactions within one to two rounds, aiming to reduce the final confirmation time for transactions from about 6 seconds to approximately 150 milliseconds, speeding it up by about 40 times. If this goal is achieved on the mainnet, Solana's transaction settlement speed will be faster than the blink of an eye, bringing it closer to the trading and payment experience of centralized exchanges.Currently, a 6-second confirmation time means that prices may change before the transaction is locked, causing exchanges and payment applications to wait before considering deposits as complete. In comparison, Ethereum takes about 13 minutes to achieve full final confirmation. At the same time, validator costs are expected to decrease by about 60%: currently, validators spend about 2 SOL daily on voting fees, which doubled after Solana recently reduced block time to about 200 milliseconds; Alpenglow eliminates voting fees, replacing them with a fixed validator entry fee of 0.8 SOL per epoch (approximately 24 hours).The upgrade launch process was not smooth. The testnet has been cleared and restarted from scratch six times since its launch in early May, with one migration failing across the entire network and having to be rolled back. According to an article published by Galaxy Digital, one of about 100 validator operators on the testnet, a subsequent migration was successfully completed, clearing the way for Wednesday's launch. Since these events occurred on a network built specifically for testing, there was no risk to real funds. The upgrade was scheduled to switch at the start of epoch 1064 on Wednesday, with actual changes occurring at slot 459,653,000 after a transition of 5,000 slots.

first_img Anza is scheduled to launch the Solana Alpenglow mainnet upgrade on October 21

According to The Defiant, the Solana development team Anza has scheduled the migration of Alpenglow's mainnet Beta for approximately 10:50 AM Eastern Time on October 21 (Wednesday), at which point the new consensus system will replace TowerBFT, aiming to reduce the final confirmation time for transactions to about 150 milliseconds. The Solana Foundation's upgrade guide indicates that the final confirmation time under TowerBFT is about 12.8 seconds. Final confirmation refers to the point in time when a transaction can no longer be rolled back, rather than the block interval.Alpenglow's Votor voting protocol no longer submits votes as on-chain transactions; instead, messages are sent directly between validators and aggregated into certificates, allowing blocks to be finally confirmed after one to two rounds of voting. The removal of voting transactions from blocks also frees up block space for users, while the execution and fees for user transactions remain unchanged. This upgrade had previously completed the migration of the testnet and development network in September, and the mainnet functionality switch has not yet been activated. According to Anza's activation policy, the new version of the software must be adopted by 95% of the staked amount for two epochs before it can be activated on the mainnet.The migration plan separates the activation of the functionality switch from the handover itself: the functionality switch is activated at the epoch boundary, and after 5,000 slots, blocks will pause carrying user transactions and will only contain votes. Validators will then establish the Alpenglow genesis certificate supported by 82% of the staked amount, roll back blocks containing only votes, and then restore user transactions with Votor. Anza expects the handover to take several hundred milliseconds.

Zhao Changpeng released a guide on cryptocurrency asset custody, recommending that the custody method be chosen based on asset scale and technical capability

Binance founder Zhao Changpeng released a simplified guide for cryptocurrency asset custody, suggesting that users match security measures according to their holding scale and technical capabilities, while focusing on three major issues: preventing asset theft, avoiding accidental loss, and planning for asset inheritance in advance.Regarding self-custody, Zhao Changpeng advised users to take measures such as storing private keys on offline devices, using reliable hardware wallets, verifying transaction addresses, and setting up multiple off-site backups. He also reminded users to avoid saving keys through photos or screenshots to prevent them from syncing to the cloud and causing leaks. In terms of asset inheritance, users should develop a secure recovery plan in advance, avoiding direct sharing of keys or storing recovery information in an unencrypted form. For centralized trading platforms, Zhao Changpeng suggested that users assess the platform's reputation, security capabilities, and business model, and strengthen account protection through measures such as independent email, strong passwords, two-factor authentication, hardware security keys, and withdrawal address whitelists, while also being vigilant against phishing attacks and API credential leaks.Zhao Changpeng further suggested that users should reasonably allocate assets between centralized trading platforms and personal wallets based on their technical capabilities, security management levels, and funding needs. Self-custody means that users need to independently bear the responsibility for private key protection and asset recovery, while custody by trading platforms involves platform credit and counterparty risk. Additionally, maintaining an independent wallet helps to ensure access to assets during maintenance or service interruptions on trading platforms.

Zhao Changpeng warned about the risk of supply chain attacks on Ledger hardware wallets, suspected to involve a single distributor selling counterfeit or tampered devices

Zhao Changpeng issued a reminder for Ledger hardware wallet users to remain vigilant, especially those who have purchased devices recently. According to the information currently available, this incident appears to be limited to the supply chain, involving a supplier, and a few users may have purchased counterfeit or tampered Ledger devices.Zhao Changpeng stated that Ledger is a well-established and relatively secure hardware wallet brand in the industry, but such incidents can still occur. He anticipates and calls for the BNB ecosystem and the entire cryptocurrency industry to assist in tracking the stolen funds and promoting recovery.Previously, Ledger confirmed that it is investigating an asset theft incident involving Southeast Asian users, who had purchased devices through the distributor CryptoBilis. Ledger has requested CryptoBilis to suspend sales and shipments and advised users who purchased devices through this distributor in the past 90 days not to initialize their devices; if they have already completed the setup, they should create a new Ledger signing device using a new mnemonic phrase and transfer their assets to the new wallet.On-chain investigator Specter estimates that this incident has led to the theft of hundreds of wallets on the Bitcoin, Ethereum, and TRON networks, with losses exceeding 86 million dollars. Security researcher tanuki42 previously estimated the losses to be over 72 million dollars and stated that the amount is still increasing. Currently, the specific cause of the incident and whether the involved devices have security vulnerabilities are still under investigation.

first_img The Ethereum L2 network Abstract supported by Pudgy Penguins will shut down on December 15

The consumer-grade Ethereum Layer 2 network Abstract, supported by Pudgy Penguins' parent company Igloo Inc., announced that it will gradually cease operations and officially shut down its mainnet on December 15, 2026. The official reasons given are stagnation in growth, thin liquidity, limitations in the DeFi ecosystem, and insufficient institutional adoption. Abstract warns users that they must transfer their assets across chains before the shutdown date, or they may lose access to their funds.Abstract stated that the network has deployed over 144 applications and has attracted more than 400,000 users through consumer-grade collaborations with brands such as Red Bull Racing and Disney. However, significant changes have occurred in the industry since the project's conception, and the independent chain model focused on consumer-grade crypto has ultimately proven difficult to sustain. Igloo has continuously funded Abstract for the past 18 months, with CEO Luca Netz revealing that cumulative losses have reached tens of millions of dollars. Igloo is now redirecting resources towards Pudgy Penguins and PENGU.In July 2024, Igloo completed a financing round of over $11 million led by Founders Fund, aimed at developing Abstract and leveraging Pudgy Penguins' distribution capabilities to bring consumers on-chain. The network launched its mainnet in January 2025. Netz stated that Igloo ultimately decided not to issue Abstract tokens and would not continue funding the network at the expense of Pudgy Penguins' business.
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