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Vitalik published an overview of Ethereum's long-term roadmap, Lean Ethereum will become the third major iteration

According to a post by Vitalik Buterin, Ethereum researchers recently held a meeting in Berlin to update the long-term development roadmap of the protocol (strawmap.org). Vitalik pointed out that "Lean Ethereum" is not a one-time upgrade, but a series of improvements that will be phased in over the next three to four years, with an importance comparable to the "Merge," covering almost every core module of the protocol.The main content includes: Verification Mechanism: Introducing recursive STARKs to replace the existing direct re-execution method, becoming a core component at the protocol level; Quantum Security: Significantly elevated priority, all quantum-vulnerable components will be replaced, and the design for quantum-safe Blobs is in progress; Consensus Layer: Decoupling usable chains from finality, achieving one to two rounds of finality, with better security and lower latency; State Layer: The existing dynamic state remains unchanged, but new types of states with greater scalability (such as UTXO storage, circular buffers, etc.) will be added, with an expectation that by 2030 Ethereum will have 2 TB of dynamic state + 100 TB of new type state, allowing for over 10 times reduction in Gas fees after the migration of applications like ERC20 and NFTs; Privacy: Upgrading from an additional feature to a primary goal, integrated into designs such as Mempool and state trees; VM: Introducing leanISA or RISC-V beyond EVM, with the long-term goal of direct protocol layer only.

The Reserve Bank of India reiterated its support for a restrictive ban strategy on cryptocurrencies, advising banks not to hold or trade in crypto assets

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) reiterated its support for a regulatory strategy of "containment and a tendency to prohibit" regarding crypto assets in a document submitted to the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Finance, stating that "prohibition" remains one of the policy options recognized by the international regulatory framework. The RBI suggested that banks and other regulated financial institutions should not hold, trade, or provide exposure to crypto assets and privately issued stablecoins to avoid potential contagion risks to the financial system.The RBI stated that implementing traditional financial regulation on crypto assets could mislead the market, granting "legitimacy" to speculative assets that lack actual economic value and creating a false sense of security for users. The RBI also warned that the widespread use of stablecoins could undermine India's monetary sovereignty, weaken the transmission mechanism of monetary policy, disrupt the payment system, and pose risks to financial stability. Therefore, it recommended prioritizing the development of sovereign digital payment infrastructure such as Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). Additionally, the RBI questioned the relevant rankings claiming "India is the country with the highest global crypto adoption rate," arguing that the data from private blockchain analytics firms has methodological flaws. It pointed out that there are currently 54 crypto service providers registered with the FIU in India, with approximately 39.3 million users who have completed KYC verification holding crypto assets worth about 20.437 billion rupees. It should be clearly distinguished between speculative crypto assets and the tokenization of real-world assets (RWA) such as government bonds and corporate bonds to avoid impacting the innovation of financial asset tokenization.
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